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Shadowing practice: English Conversation Skills - Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

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  1. Hey there, I'm Emma from mmmEnglish.0:00
  2. Today, we're going to learn about three important prepositions in English grammar.0:04
  3. You'll learn the difference between the preposition by, the preposition from, and the preposition of.0:09
  4. And in English, they can be prepositions of time, they can be prepositions of place, of movement, but actually several languages have only one word for all three of these0:16
  5. prepositions.0:28
  6. So it's really easy to see how by, from, and of can be a little confusing when you try to use them in English.0:29
  7. But not anymore.0:37
  8. I'll show you when to use them and how to use each of these prepositions.0:38
  9. Plus, there's a quiz at the end of this lesson to test what you know and make sure you're using these prepositions correctly in your English sentences.0:43
  10. Excuse my casual attire today.0:53
  11. It is extremely hot.0:55
  12. 38 degrees.0:57
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  1. Not ideal for filming, but let's give it a shot anyway.0:59
  2. Which of these prepositions is the most difficult for you to use?1:07
  3. Let me know down in the comments.1:12
  4. Let's start today's lesson by reviewing each of these prepositions individually.1:14
  5. After that, we'll take a look at some of the cases where all three of these prepositions are possible, but the meaning or the way that it's used is slightly1:19
  6. different.1:29
  7. There are lots of different ways to use the preposition of in English.1:30
  8. Today, we're going to look at the top four most common uses, starting with possession and belonging.1:35
  9. So we use of to show a relationship of possession or belonging between two nouns.1:43
  10. Members of the club get free parking.1:50
  11. Charles became the king of England.1:52
  12. And this is similar to the way that we use apostrophe s or the possessive s in English.1:55
  13. My friend's mother is Indonesian.2:03
  14. So the apostrophe s shows that the mother belongs to the friend.2:06
  15. We can use of to recreate this same sentence, but keep the exact same meaning.2:11
  16. The mother of my friend is Indonesian.2:17
  17. So in this version of indicates the relationship between the friend and the mother.2:20
  18. This construction with of is very common in languages like German.2:27
  19. But in English, it is much more common to use that possessive apostrophe s when we're talking about people and use of when we're talking about things.2:32
  20. Sarah's house is down the road rather than the house of Sarah is down the road.2:45
  21. The color of her hair was amazing rather than her hair's color was amazing.2:51
  22. We use of in quantifying expressions that describe a unit or an amount or a number of something.2:59
  23. This is really common with uncountable nouns.3:07
  24. When we need a way of measuring or counting an uncountable noun, we'll say something like a cup of flour, a grain of sand, a drop of rain, 30 %3:10
  25. of the population.3:25
  26. All of these nouns are uncountable.3:27
  27. So to describe how much there is, we need one of those quantifying expressions.3:30
  28. A cup of, a grain of, a drop of, 30 % of.3:37
  29. Oh, and we use of to explain the amount of countable nouns as well.3:43
  30. There were hundreds of people at the airport.3:48
  31. There are millions of stars in the Milky Way.3:51
  32. We can use of to describe the contents of something.3:55
  33. What's inside a box or a packet or a container of something?4:00
  34. A bag of chips, a bottle of water, a book of poetry, a box of clothes.4:05
  35. And finally, for the fourth most common way of using of, we use of in expressions to show the exact position of something.4:15
  36. The top of your head, the back of the bus, the side of the house, the corner of the street, the front of the queue.4:26
  37. I know how much prepositions frustrate you, especially when you're trying to move from B1 into B2 or C1 levels.4:39
  38. And yet you're still making mistakes with these little words.4:48
  39. I've designed my prepositions eight by eight course as a step by step guide for intermediate to advanced English learners to go beyond the basics and learn eight different ways4:52
  40. to use eight prepositions in everyday spoken English.5:04
  41. In the course, you'll learn advanced word patterns that will take your skills to the next level.5:09
  42. Plus every lesson includes an interactive speaking practice with me.5:15
  43. So you're not only study and learn about prepositions, you'll also practice and use them naturally in your spoken English.5:20
  44. And guess what?5:30
  45. I've got a free lesson from that course that you can try out for yourself.5:31
  46. All of the details are down in the description, but I'll also remind you about it at the end of this lesson so you can go and check it out5:36
  47. then.5:45
  48. From can be a preposition of time or of place.5:45
  49. As a preposition of place, it describes the place where something starts.5:50
  50. So it links a noun, a person or a thing, to its origin or its starting place.5:55
  51. He sent me a postcard from Spain.6:02
  52. My friend went to Spain and sent me a postcard.6:05
  53. The postcard started in Spain before it travelled to me here in Perth.6:09
  54. That hot wind is coming from the north.6:15
  55. So the wind originated in the north.6:18
  56. That's where it started and that's why it's so hot today.6:21
  57. The bread is from the bakery on High Street.6:25
  58. As a preposition of time, from shows the time when something starts.6:28
  59. The shop is open from 9am.6:35
  60. The opening hours start from 9, not before they start at 9.6:37
  61. The rules will come into place from tomorrow.6:43
  62. So the rules start tomorrow, not before.6:46
  63. The sculpture dates from the 17th century.6:51
  64. The sculpture was made in the 17th century and that's when it started to exist.6:55
  65. And finally, from is a preposition of distance in both time and space.7:02
  66. The beach is 5km from here.7:08
  67. The airport is 7km from the city.7:11
  68. So from indicates the distance between these two places.7:15
  69. But we can also express distance in time.7:19
  70. I'll set an alarm for 5 hours from now.7:22
  71. So 5 hours into the future.7:26
  72. 5 hours after or later than now.7:28
  73. And that brings us to buy.7:31
  74. Buy is another really versatile preposition.7:34
  75. It can be used in lots of different ways.7:38
  76. But the main way that we use the preposition buy is to indicate the person or the thing that completes an action.7:40
  77. So you could say that it introduces the doer of an action.7:49
  78. A book by a famous author.7:53
  79. Who wrote the book?7:56
  80. A famous author.7:59
  81. A painting by Picasso.8:00
  82. Picasso is the doer.8:03
  83. He painted the picture.8:05
  84. We use buy like this quite a lot in passive sentences.8:06
  85. So when you want to introduce the doer of an action in a passive sentence, use buy.8:11
  86. The car was driven by a woman with blue hair.8:16
  87. I was shocked by what I saw on the news.8:21
  88. Buy can also describe a method.8:24
  89. It can indicate how something is done.8:27
  90. The ring was made by hand.8:31
  91. We travelled by train.8:33
  92. She improved her English by reading the newspaper.8:36
  93. So in all of these examples, buy describes a method of completing an action.8:39
  94. How did we travel?8:46
  95. By train.8:48
  96. How did she improve her English?8:49
  97. By reading the newspaper.8:52
  98. When buy is a preposition of place, it means near or to the side of something.8:54
  99. She lives by a park.9:02
  100. Means she lives near or next to a park.9:03
  101. Frankie is always by my side.9:08
  102. Frankie stays close.9:11
  103. She stays next to me.9:13
  104. When buy is a preposition of time, it means not later than.9:14
  105. So at or before.9:20
  106. Imaginary watch.9:24
  107. They're usually home by nine.9:26
  108. They get home at nine or maybe sometimes before nine but not after nine.9:29
  109. Oh, I've got another lesson that dives into the difference between buy and until.9:36
  110. It's right up here and it's quite useful when we're talking about using buy related to time.9:42
  111. And finally, we can use buy to indicate measurements and amounts.9:49
  112. The room is three metres by four.9:55
  113. Sea levels rose by 20 centimetres.9:58
  114. They sell oil by the barrel.10:02
  115. Now, if only it was that simple.10:04
  116. But English prepositions are tricky little things.10:08
  117. So let's go a little bit deeper into those moments where you need to choose between buy from and of.10:11
  118. A book by James Clear is a book written by James Clear.10:20
  119. He wrote this book.10:25
  120. It's a book by him.10:27
  121. But a book from James Clear is a book that James Clear gave me, right?10:29
  122. So in this case, he is the starting point of the book.10:36
  123. It's where it came from.10:40
  124. But a book of James Clear is a book that belongs to James Clear.10:42
  125. Maybe he lent it to me because he wanted me to read it.10:48
  126. A book of James Clear is a book that belongs to him.10:52
  127. And a little earlier, we heard the example of a book of poetry.10:57
  128. Meaning that this book is a collection of poetry or it contains poetry.11:02
  129. Do you see how changing something as small and insignificant as a little preposition can actually completely change the meaning of a sentence?11:09
  130. It's crazy, huh?11:19
  131. And when it comes to the verb made, things get a little more complicated.11:20
  132. When we say made from, we mean that it has been used to manufacture or to create something else.11:26
  133. It describes that there's been a transformation during the process of making that object.11:35
  134. It's changed from one thing into something else.11:40
  135. Linen is made from flax or paper is made from wood pulp.11:44
  136. In both these examples, the verb made can be substituted for the verb manufactured.11:50
  137. When we say made of, we mean composed of.11:57
  138. So it describes the basic material of something.12:02
  139. Something that you can still see or touch.12:05
  140. It still exists in its original form.12:08
  141. Her dress is made of silk.12:11
  142. The table is made of wood.12:14
  143. So in these examples, made can be substituted for composed.12:16
  144. And then of course, there's made by.12:22
  145. So by can describe either how something was made or who made it.12:25
  146. The dress was made by my friend or the dress was made by hand.12:32
  147. And there's one more area where I know some of you get a little bit lost and that's talking about a change in number or amount.12:39
  148. Let me show you what I mean.12:48
  149. There has been an increase of 15 % over the last five years.12:50
  150. The price has increased by 15 % over the last year.12:55
  151. The price has increased from $1 to $1 .15.12:59
  152. These three sentences all convey the same information.13:04
  153. They're all saying pretty much the same thing.13:08
  154. So how do you know when to use of, by or from?13:11
  155. There's a little trick to this that I want to share.13:17
  156. In this sentence, increase is a noun and increase.13:20
  157. So actually this is a collocation where we use the noun increase with the preposition of.13:25
  158. So when increase is a noun, it's followed by of.13:33
  159. But here increase is a verb.13:38
  160. When increase is a verb, it collocates with by.13:42
  161. The price has increased by 15%.13:46
  162. And here from indicates the starting point.13:50
  163. Prices started at $1 and ended at $1 .15.13:54
  164. So there's a couple of rules here.14:00
  165. When you're talking about a change to an amount or number, then verbs like increase, rise, fall and decrease are used with the preposition by.14:03
  166. And the nouns of these same verbs, an increase, a rise, a fall, a decrease, these all collocate with the preposition of.14:17
  167. Now these ones are all extra tricky because the noun and the verb forms are exactly the same.14:30
  168. Thank you very much English.14:37
  169. So just make sure you're paying attention to the structure of the sentence.14:39
  170. Look out for the article.14:45
  171. That's your clue that it's a noun rather than a verb.14:47
  172. I'll give you one more example.14:50
  173. Water levels fell by one meter.14:53
  174. We have our verb by and then the amount.14:57
  175. Experts noticed a fall of one meter in the water level.15:01
  176. So we have noun of and then the amount.15:07
  177. Okay, let's test your skills with a quick preposition's quiz.15:12
  178. Choose the correct preposition of, from or by.15:18
  179. The house is made of bricks.15:28
  180. Plastic is made from oil.15:37
  181. The number of visitors to the National Park has increased from 300 per week to 1500.15:46
  182. The cake is a gift from my mum.16:01
  183. The cost of airfares has increased by 15 % over the past three years.16:09
  184. I sent my mum a Christmas card from Germany while I was travelling.16:21
  185. The chair is made of plastic.16:33
  186. The lasagna was made by my mum.16:42
  187. I hope this lesson was interesting and that it helped to make these three important prepositions a little easier to understand.16:45
  188. Make sure you head over to the mmmEnglish website and check out my courses.16:54
  189. They go into much more detail about prepositions and how to use them than anything you'll find here on YouTube.16:58
  190. And you can check out the rest of the prepositions course while you're there and get a special offer for all of my gorgeous mmmEnglish students.17:05
  191. The links and details are all in the description below or head over to the mmmEnglish website.17:14
  192. I'll see you there.17:20

English listening practice with an Australian grammar lecture on the preposition of

Emma from mmmEnglish opens by naming her target: "There are lots of different ways to use the preposition of in English." She narrows that down fast, saying "Today, we're going to look at the top four most common uses, starting with possession and belonging." This is a lecture, one Australian voice explaining grammar to camera, not a back and forth conversation, so the sentences arrive as clean, complete units rather than overlapping speech.

At 149 words per minute the delivery gives you room to hear each clause land before the next one starts, which suits a B1 listener working through a grammar point rather than fast small talk. Before the teaching begins she drops in two short, unrelated lines, "Excuse my casual attire today." and "It is extremely hot.", real asides that are worth practising on their own because they are short and low pressure.

Shadow this grammar line by line for real B1 sentence patterns

Emma keeps building the same idea two ways so you can hear both patterns side by side, which is exactly the kind of contrast worth saying out loud rather than just reading.

  • "Members of the club get free parking." and "Charles became the king of England." are flat, filler free statements that both put of between two nouns, good for practising even stress across the whole sentence.
  • "My friend's mother is Indonesian." versus "The mother of my friend is Indonesian." say the same fact two ways, repeat them back to back to feel the stress move once of replaces the apostrophe s.
  • "Sarah's house is down the road" is Emma's own model of the pattern native speakers default to, worth fixing in your mouth before you attempt the of version yourself.

How to practise English speaking through this B1 preposition lesson

Work through the clip in the order Emma actually speaks it rather than jumping to the grammar first. The small talk at the start sets her pace before the explanation gets denser.

  • Start with "Excuse my casual attire today." and "It is extremely hot.", two short unrelated sentences that let you match her rhythm before the content gets harder.
  • Move to "Today, we're going to look at the top four most common uses, starting with possession and belonging." and repeat it until the list intonation on top four most common uses sits naturally.
  • Pair "Members of the club get free parking." with "Charles became the king of England." and say them back to back, both are short full sentences for practising how to speak english fluently at B1 without pausing mid line.
  • Finish on the swap pair, "My friend's mother is Indonesian." then "The mother of my friend is Indonesian.", saying both versions is a concrete way to improve english speaking on your own sentences, not just Emma's.
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