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Latihan shadowing: English Conversation Skills - Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

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  1. Hey there, I'm Emma from mmmEnglish.0:00
  2. Today, we're going to learn about three important prepositions in English grammar.0:04
  3. You'll learn the difference between the preposition by, the preposition from, and the preposition of.0:09
  4. And in English, they can be prepositions of time, they can be prepositions of place, of movement, but actually several languages have only one word for all three of these0:16
  5. prepositions.0:28
  6. So it's really easy to see how by, from, and of can be a little confusing when you try to use them in English.0:29
  7. But not anymore.0:37
  8. I'll show you when to use them and how to use each of these prepositions.0:38
  9. Plus, there's a quiz at the end of this lesson to test what you know and make sure you're using these prepositions correctly in your English sentences.0:43
  10. Excuse my casual attire today.0:53
  11. It is extremely hot.0:55
  12. 38 degrees.0:57
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  1. Not ideal for filming, but let's give it a shot anyway.0:59
  2. Which of these prepositions is the most difficult for you to use?1:07
  3. Let me know down in the comments.1:12
  4. Let's start today's lesson by reviewing each of these prepositions individually.1:14
  5. After that, we'll take a look at some of the cases where all three of these prepositions are possible, but the meaning or the way that it's used is slightly1:19
  6. different.1:29
  7. There are lots of different ways to use the preposition of in English.1:30
  8. Today, we're going to look at the top four most common uses, starting with possession and belonging.1:35
  9. So we use of to show a relationship of possession or belonging between two nouns.1:43
  10. Members of the club get free parking.1:50
  11. Charles became the king of England.1:52
  12. And this is similar to the way that we use apostrophe s or the possessive s in English.1:55
  13. My friend's mother is Indonesian.2:03
  14. So the apostrophe s shows that the mother belongs to the friend.2:06
  15. We can use of to recreate this same sentence, but keep the exact same meaning.2:11
  16. The mother of my friend is Indonesian.2:17
  17. So in this version of indicates the relationship between the friend and the mother.2:20
  18. This construction with of is very common in languages like German.2:27
  19. But in English, it is much more common to use that possessive apostrophe s when we're talking about people and use of when we're talking about things.2:32
  20. Sarah's house is down the road rather than the house of Sarah is down the road.2:45
  21. The color of her hair was amazing rather than her hair's color was amazing.2:51
  22. We use of in quantifying expressions that describe a unit or an amount or a number of something.2:59
  23. This is really common with uncountable nouns.3:07
  24. When we need a way of measuring or counting an uncountable noun, we'll say something like a cup of flour, a grain of sand, a drop of rain, 30 %3:10
  25. of the population.3:25
  26. All of these nouns are uncountable.3:27
  27. So to describe how much there is, we need one of those quantifying expressions.3:30
  28. A cup of, a grain of, a drop of, 30 % of.3:37
  29. Oh, and we use of to explain the amount of countable nouns as well.3:43
  30. There were hundreds of people at the airport.3:48
  31. There are millions of stars in the Milky Way.3:51
  32. We can use of to describe the contents of something.3:55
  33. What's inside a box or a packet or a container of something?4:00
  34. A bag of chips, a bottle of water, a book of poetry, a box of clothes.4:05
  35. And finally, for the fourth most common way of using of, we use of in expressions to show the exact position of something.4:15
  36. The top of your head, the back of the bus, the side of the house, the corner of the street, the front of the queue.4:26
  37. I know how much prepositions frustrate you, especially when you're trying to move from B1 into B2 or C1 levels.4:39
  38. And yet you're still making mistakes with these little words.4:48
  39. I've designed my prepositions eight by eight course as a step by step guide for intermediate to advanced English learners to go beyond the basics and learn eight different ways4:52
  40. to use eight prepositions in everyday spoken English.5:04
  41. In the course, you'll learn advanced word patterns that will take your skills to the next level.5:09
  42. Plus every lesson includes an interactive speaking practice with me.5:15
  43. So you're not only study and learn about prepositions, you'll also practice and use them naturally in your spoken English.5:20
  44. And guess what?5:30
  45. I've got a free lesson from that course that you can try out for yourself.5:31
  46. All of the details are down in the description, but I'll also remind you about it at the end of this lesson so you can go and check it out5:36
  47. then.5:45
  48. From can be a preposition of time or of place.5:45
  49. As a preposition of place, it describes the place where something starts.5:50
  50. So it links a noun, a person or a thing, to its origin or its starting place.5:55
  51. He sent me a postcard from Spain.6:02
  52. My friend went to Spain and sent me a postcard.6:05
  53. The postcard started in Spain before it travelled to me here in Perth.6:09
  54. That hot wind is coming from the north.6:15
  55. So the wind originated in the north.6:18
  56. That's where it started and that's why it's so hot today.6:21
  57. The bread is from the bakery on High Street.6:25
  58. As a preposition of time, from shows the time when something starts.6:28
  59. The shop is open from 9am.6:35
  60. The opening hours start from 9, not before they start at 9.6:37
  61. The rules will come into place from tomorrow.6:43
  62. So the rules start tomorrow, not before.6:46
  63. The sculpture dates from the 17th century.6:51
  64. The sculpture was made in the 17th century and that's when it started to exist.6:55
  65. And finally, from is a preposition of distance in both time and space.7:02
  66. The beach is 5km from here.7:08
  67. The airport is 7km from the city.7:11
  68. So from indicates the distance between these two places.7:15
  69. But we can also express distance in time.7:19
  70. I'll set an alarm for 5 hours from now.7:22
  71. So 5 hours into the future.7:26
  72. 5 hours after or later than now.7:28
  73. And that brings us to buy.7:31
  74. Buy is another really versatile preposition.7:34
  75. It can be used in lots of different ways.7:38
  76. But the main way that we use the preposition buy is to indicate the person or the thing that completes an action.7:40
  77. So you could say that it introduces the doer of an action.7:49
  78. A book by a famous author.7:53
  79. Who wrote the book?7:56
  80. A famous author.7:59
  81. A painting by Picasso.8:00
  82. Picasso is the doer.8:03
  83. He painted the picture.8:05
  84. We use buy like this quite a lot in passive sentences.8:06
  85. So when you want to introduce the doer of an action in a passive sentence, use buy.8:11
  86. The car was driven by a woman with blue hair.8:16
  87. I was shocked by what I saw on the news.8:21
  88. Buy can also describe a method.8:24
  89. It can indicate how something is done.8:27
  90. The ring was made by hand.8:31
  91. We travelled by train.8:33
  92. She improved her English by reading the newspaper.8:36
  93. So in all of these examples, buy describes a method of completing an action.8:39
  94. How did we travel?8:46
  95. By train.8:48
  96. How did she improve her English?8:49
  97. By reading the newspaper.8:52
  98. When buy is a preposition of place, it means near or to the side of something.8:54
  99. She lives by a park.9:02
  100. Means she lives near or next to a park.9:03
  101. Frankie is always by my side.9:08
  102. Frankie stays close.9:11
  103. She stays next to me.9:13
  104. When buy is a preposition of time, it means not later than.9:14
  105. So at or before.9:20
  106. Imaginary watch.9:24
  107. They're usually home by nine.9:26
  108. They get home at nine or maybe sometimes before nine but not after nine.9:29
  109. Oh, I've got another lesson that dives into the difference between buy and until.9:36
  110. It's right up here and it's quite useful when we're talking about using buy related to time.9:42
  111. And finally, we can use buy to indicate measurements and amounts.9:49
  112. The room is three metres by four.9:55
  113. Sea levels rose by 20 centimetres.9:58
  114. They sell oil by the barrel.10:02
  115. Now, if only it was that simple.10:04
  116. But English prepositions are tricky little things.10:08
  117. So let's go a little bit deeper into those moments where you need to choose between buy from and of.10:11
  118. A book by James Clear is a book written by James Clear.10:20
  119. He wrote this book.10:25
  120. It's a book by him.10:27
  121. But a book from James Clear is a book that James Clear gave me, right?10:29
  122. So in this case, he is the starting point of the book.10:36
  123. It's where it came from.10:40
  124. But a book of James Clear is a book that belongs to James Clear.10:42
  125. Maybe he lent it to me because he wanted me to read it.10:48
  126. A book of James Clear is a book that belongs to him.10:52
  127. And a little earlier, we heard the example of a book of poetry.10:57
  128. Meaning that this book is a collection of poetry or it contains poetry.11:02
  129. Do you see how changing something as small and insignificant as a little preposition can actually completely change the meaning of a sentence?11:09
  130. It's crazy, huh?11:19
  131. And when it comes to the verb made, things get a little more complicated.11:20
  132. When we say made from, we mean that it has been used to manufacture or to create something else.11:26
  133. It describes that there's been a transformation during the process of making that object.11:35
  134. It's changed from one thing into something else.11:40
  135. Linen is made from flax or paper is made from wood pulp.11:44
  136. In both these examples, the verb made can be substituted for the verb manufactured.11:50
  137. When we say made of, we mean composed of.11:57
  138. So it describes the basic material of something.12:02
  139. Something that you can still see or touch.12:05
  140. It still exists in its original form.12:08
  141. Her dress is made of silk.12:11
  142. The table is made of wood.12:14
  143. So in these examples, made can be substituted for composed.12:16
  144. And then of course, there's made by.12:22
  145. So by can describe either how something was made or who made it.12:25
  146. The dress was made by my friend or the dress was made by hand.12:32
  147. And there's one more area where I know some of you get a little bit lost and that's talking about a change in number or amount.12:39
  148. Let me show you what I mean.12:48
  149. There has been an increase of 15 % over the last five years.12:50
  150. The price has increased by 15 % over the last year.12:55
  151. The price has increased from $1 to $1 .15.12:59
  152. These three sentences all convey the same information.13:04
  153. They're all saying pretty much the same thing.13:08
  154. So how do you know when to use of, by or from?13:11
  155. There's a little trick to this that I want to share.13:17
  156. In this sentence, increase is a noun and increase.13:20
  157. So actually this is a collocation where we use the noun increase with the preposition of.13:25
  158. So when increase is a noun, it's followed by of.13:33
  159. But here increase is a verb.13:38
  160. When increase is a verb, it collocates with by.13:42
  161. The price has increased by 15%.13:46
  162. And here from indicates the starting point.13:50
  163. Prices started at $1 and ended at $1 .15.13:54
  164. So there's a couple of rules here.14:00
  165. When you're talking about a change to an amount or number, then verbs like increase, rise, fall and decrease are used with the preposition by.14:03
  166. And the nouns of these same verbs, an increase, a rise, a fall, a decrease, these all collocate with the preposition of.14:17
  167. Now these ones are all extra tricky because the noun and the verb forms are exactly the same.14:30
  168. Thank you very much English.14:37
  169. So just make sure you're paying attention to the structure of the sentence.14:39
  170. Look out for the article.14:45
  171. That's your clue that it's a noun rather than a verb.14:47
  172. I'll give you one more example.14:50
  173. Water levels fell by one meter.14:53
  174. We have our verb by and then the amount.14:57
  175. Experts noticed a fall of one meter in the water level.15:01
  176. So we have noun of and then the amount.15:07
  177. Okay, let's test your skills with a quick preposition's quiz.15:12
  178. Choose the correct preposition of, from or by.15:18
  179. The house is made of bricks.15:28
  180. Plastic is made from oil.15:37
  181. The number of visitors to the National Park has increased from 300 per week to 1500.15:46
  182. The cake is a gift from my mum.16:01
  183. The cost of airfares has increased by 15 % over the past three years.16:09
  184. I sent my mum a Christmas card from Germany while I was travelling.16:21
  185. The chair is made of plastic.16:33
  186. The lasagna was made by my mum.16:42
  187. I hope this lesson was interesting and that it helped to make these three important prepositions a little easier to understand.16:45
  188. Make sure you head over to the mmmEnglish website and check out my courses.16:54
  189. They go into much more detail about prepositions and how to use them than anything you'll find here on YouTube.16:58
  190. And you can check out the rest of the prepositions course while you're there and get a special offer for all of my gorgeous mmmEnglish students.17:05
  191. The links and details are all in the description below or head over to the mmmEnglish website.17:14
  192. I'll see you there.17:20

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149 kata per menit — lebih cepat dari 18% katalog
Tingkat CEFR
B1
Kata yang perlu diketahui
apostrophe, frustrate, verbs, flax, substituted, intermediate
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